PWC have extensive shallow-water capabilities that enable them to access sensitive aquatic and near-shore habitats
PWC have extensive shallow-water capabilities that enable them to access sensitive aquatic and near-shore habitats. This generates concern because most PWC use occurs during the spring and summer months and coincides with critical wildlife phases such as spawning, mating and nesting (Bluewater Network 1998; Martin 1999; NPCA 1999).
Therefore, PWC have the potential to cause adverse wildlife impacts by interfering with feeding, foraging, mating, migration, nesting and reproduction (Burger 1998; Lelli and Harris 2001; Mikola et al. 1994; Pfister et al. 1992; Rodgers 1995; Rodgers and Smith 1997). PWC also have the to potential to physically damage or chemically pollute shallow-water wildlife habitats (Ballestero 1990; Balk et al. 1994; Tjaernlund et al. 1995,1996; Snow 1989; Warrington 1999).
These concerns are not unique to PWC, however. Non-motorized vessels also have extensive shallow-water accessibility and are widely linked to both wildlife disturbance and habitat damage. Outboard motorboats are equipped with the same engines as PWC and have similar types and magnitudes of toxic emissions. They are also just as capable (if not more) of churning up benthic habitats and are more likely to damage seagrass beds (Ballestero 1990; Snow 1989).
Many conventional motorboats are also being equipped with technologies that enable them to access extremely shallow areas. These technologies include electric tilt mechanisms (which raise outboard motors out of the water), jack-plates (which lift propellers onto boat transoms) and jet-feet (which replace propellers with impellers).
In general, there is an overwhelming lack of scientific research regarding PWC-related wildlife impacts. Recent reports summarize extensive anecdotal information put forth by professional wildlife scientists and resource managers. Until more conclusive studies are conducted, however, it cannot be established if PWC threaten wildlife more than other recreational vessels.
